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How Mozambique’s smuggling barons nurtured jihadists

How Mozambique’s smuggling barons nurtured jihadists

Attacks by young Islamist militants in northern Mozambique are fuelled by a mix of poverty and corruption, writes Joseph Hanlon.

In the most recent attack, 10 people were decapitated with machetes in Palma district in the country’s northerly Cabo Delgado province.

More than 300 people have been detained by the police and army since the first attack in the port town Mocimboa da Praia on October 2017.

Coastal northern Mozambique has a long history of trade and movement of people with the rest of East Africa, and people in this area are traditionally Muslim.

The offshore discovery of one of the largest natural gas fields in Africa in 2010 triggered dreams of wealth, but so far there has been little impact locally.

Gas will not be produced in the region until 2022 and there will be no serious government revenue until 2028 or later.

There is currently offshore exploration work being done and onshore construction of infrastructure. But as is common with mega-projects of this kind, few local opportunities have materialised.

Youth unemployment therefore remains very high, as in the rest of Mozambique.

Growing cells

In 2015, poorly educated and marginalised young men, many of them itinerant street traders in Mocimboa da Praia, formed small groups and began to organise around a rudimentary form of Islamic fundamentalism. 

They blamed both the mosques and the Mozambican state for their plight, and decided to challenge both.

Groups marched into local mosques wearing shoes and carrying knives as an intentional sign of disrespect of what they saw as “degenerate Islam”. Local people called them “al-Shabab”, simply local Arabic for youth, or just “the Shababs”.

The small cells realised the need to look outside both for weapons and religious training, and found surprising allies.

Smuggling networks

Mozambique has become increasingly corrupt in recent years and its coastal north has become a major centre for ivory, timber, heroin and ruby smuggling – with the involvement of police and other government officials. 

Mozambique is home to the world’s biggest ruby and pink sapphire deposits

Local smuggling barons incorporated the militant young men into their networks and paid them well.

The nearby border with Tanzania is not controlled and there has always been a movement of people. This has increased with more people smuggling – mainly from Kenya, Somalia and the Great Lakes through Mozambique to South Africa.

There were already young Tanzanian men in the Mocimboa da Praia street trading community who became part of the groups.

After the 2012 killing in Kenya of Muslim cleric Aboud Rogo Mohammed (accused of supporting al-Shabab in Somalia), his followers came under pressure and moved south.

They built a presence in Kibiti, Tanzania, and crossed the Ruvuma River into Cabo Delgado by 2015. 


Image caption Mozambique’s jihadists are believed to have been influenced by the followers of the late radical Kenyan cleric Aboud Rogo Mohammed. AFP

Using incomes made from smuggling, religious networks, and people-traffickers, the extremist cells paid to send young men to Tanzania, Kenya and Somalia for military and Islamic training.

The income also helped bring radical clerics to Mozambique.

Within Mozambique, they hired a sacked policeman and two dismissed border guards to provide military training.

Guerrilla tactics

A study of these groups based on a month of fieldwork by Mozambican Islamic cleric Sheik Saide Habibe and researchers Salvador Forquilha and João Pereira was reported in Maputo on 22 May.

The structure remains one of small cells, of 10 to 30 people, who are linked but only loosely, the study found. 

Most of the attacks appear to have been done by a single group.

This loose guerrilla format makes it difficult for the army and police to find these small groups. 

There is now a large presence of army and riot police in three districts of Cabo Delgado. They have been accused of heavy handed tactics and of killing local people.

Two helicopters and a navy ship shelled the village of Mitumbate near Mocimboa da Praia on 23 and 24 December 2017 with at least 50 casualties.

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